The Chinese Remainder Theorem cannot be used if any modulus shares a factor with the others. In this case x³ and x have factor x in common.
c=ax+2 is the same as c≡2(mod x),
c=bx³+3 is the same as c≡3(mod x³), where a and b are natural numbers.
Therefore:
ax+2=bx³+3=x(bx²+3/x).
Divide through by x:
a+2/x=bx²+3/x.
If x=1 then a+2=b+3 and b=a-1, but we are only interested in x≥2;
If x=2 then a+1=4b+3/2, but we have an integer on the left-hand side and a mixed number on the right-hand side. Equality is not possible.
If x=3 then a+2/3=9b+1. Again, equality is not possible because RHS is an integer but LHS is a mixed number.
For x>3, a and bx² are integers, both LHS and RHS are mixed numbers, but 2/x cannot be equal to 3/x for x>1. This implies that there can be no integer c for which c≡2(mod x) and c≡3(mod x³).